A woman soldier in the Civil War

An Uncommon Soldier, Lauren Cook Burgess, ed.

The subtitle of this book is "The Civil War Letters of Sarah Rosetta Wakeman, alias Pvt. Lyons Wakeman, 153rd Regiment, New York State Volunteers, 1862-1864."  I first learned about Rosetta Wakeman from another book Lauren Cook has written, this one with Deanne Blanton.  They Fought Like Demons is an overview of women soldiers in the Civil War, and an important part of the authors' thesis is to document the reality of the women soldiers.  Blanton and Cook have identified at least 250 women who served in the Federal and Confederate armies, which is admittedly only a fragment of the total number of enlisted personnel.  But they make a convincing argument that there were undoubtedly more women serving, who have never been identified and who chose not to reveal their service.

One of the women soldiers highlighted in their book was Rosetta Wakeman, who served in the Union army for almost two years.  Like thousands of her fellow soldiers, she died of disease, not in battle.  She was buried among her comrades in a military cemetery outside New Orleans, under her male nom de guerre.  Though she spent almost two months in a military hospital before her death, no one apparently discovered that she was a woman, or else chose not to reveal it.  The rudimentary medical care available at the time, and the very brief medical exams for army recruits, posed few problems for women who wanted to serve.

In her introduction to Rosetta Wakeman's letters, and in her meticulous notes, Lauren Cook Burgess tries to give as much context as she can both to Wakeman's life and military career, within the context of the experiences of women soldiers and generally of military service in the Civil War.  Unfortunately, there is little information about Wakeman's life prior to her enlistment.  She grew up on a farm in New York State, the oldest of nine children.  When she was 19, she left home to work, under a man's name, on a canal boat.  A few weeks later she enlisted with the 153rd New York, probably at least in part for the $152 enlistment bonus.  Her regiment was first assigned to guard and picket duty around Washington.  In February 1864, they were sent to Louisiana, to join General Nathaniel Banks' ill-fated drive up the Red River, which ended in defeat and retreat.  The hardships of the campaign, with forced marches and bad water supplies, took a heavy toll on unacclimated northerners like the 153rd New York, and "Lyons" Wakeman was among those who died from chronic diarrhea (which with dysentery would kill nearly half a million soldiers during the war).

Wakeman's letters home are in many ways typical of other Civil War soldiers' letters (I've read quite a few, through my own research in school and then my work as an archivist).  There are frequent comments about the weather and the food and her officers, questions about the family left behind and about friends also serving.  Remarkably, Wakeman was able to get leave to visit a cousin and another friend in their regiments, neither of whom apparently told anyone about her. It is elements like these that make Wakeman's letters very atypical, and in fact the collection is unique, among only a handful of primary source documents from women soldiers serving in the field during the Civil War.

In a Foreward to the book, Dr. James McPherson, the dean of Civil War historians, notes that Lauren Cook Burgess is herself a Civil War re-enactor, who represented a soldier in the field.  In 1989, after she was "outed," the National Park Service tried to ban her from re-enactments, on the grounds that there were no women soldiers in the Civil War.  Burgess ended up taking the NPS to court, and the resulting publicity caught the attention of Ruth Goodier, a great-grandniece of Rosetta Wakeman, who offered Burgess copies of the letters.  From that came this book, and Burgess's later work with Deanne Blanton.

There are thousands of collections of Civil War soldiers' letters in archives and in private hand across the United States.  Each one documents an individual's experiences in America's great struggle, and each is a voice from the past.  In An Uncommon Soldier, Lauren Cook Burgess ensures that one unique soldier's voice will be heard, and by extension that of her sisters in arms.

Women soldiers in the Civil War

They Fought Like Demons, DeAnne Blanton and Lauren Cook

The subtitle of this book is "Women Soldiers in the Civil War."  I'm sure a lot of people would automatically say, "There were no women soldiers in the Civil War."  Women's traditional roles in the conflict have been well-documented. Nurses, yes, and aid workers, and even spies.  Everyone knows Clara Barton, and Belle Boyd, and maybe even Louisa May Alcott.  But not warriors.  Part of the story that Blanton and Cook have to tell is how the women soldiers have been erased from the history of the Civil War.  The troops fighting in the Union and Confederate armies knew about the women soldiers - and not as urban myths, that a woman "somewhere" was serving.  They wrote their families about their encounters with these women, living and dead (some discovered only among the corpses after a battle).  Stories about these women made it into the newspapers, both during the war and afterwards.  There are official records of women in both armies, including pension records.  At least one woman Union veteran became a member in good standing in the GAR veterans' organization after the war, as a woman.  It was only as the Civil War veterans died off that the memory of these women soldiers was lost.  In the 20th century, the historical evidence was dismissed or interpreted to show these women as deranged or prostitutes, or the stories as romantic fiction.

DeAnne Blanton is a senior military archivist with the National Archives. She and Lauren Cook spent ten years in painstaking, detailed research for this book.  They identified 250 women soldiers in both armies, but their research suggests there may have been many more who never revealed themselves or were discovered as women, who simply served until death or discharge.  The evidence they present is clear, compelling, and incontrovertible.

The book is organized thematically, with chapters on why women served (for the same reasons men did, but also for the freedom that men had); how they disguised themselves and how they experienced life in the ranks; the experiences of wounds and capture; how they fared on discovery; how they were perceived both by fellow soldiers and by the general public; and their post-war experiences.  The authors and the reader are left with a lot of unanswered questions, in part because the women's experiences are poorly documented compared with those of male soldiers.  Many of the women simply disappear from the record, especially in the post-war years.

The larger story is compelling, and the details are endlessly fascinating.  Women could easily pass a medical entrance exam that was primarily some questions and a quick visual once-over.   Women who were discovered and booted from the army often traveled to a different city or town and re-enlisted, which was easy in the days before national identity documents.  At least two women soldiers were discovered only when they gave birth in camp - one had fought in battles into her third trimester, one went into labor while on picket duty.  Women soldiers were most often discovered when wounded in an area that required disrobing; a head, hand or calf wound was usually safe.  Capture as a prisoner of war almost always meant discovery.  One woman soldier went with her husband as a prisoner to Andersonville, and she remained after his death, never revealing herself as a woman, though that would have brought release.  She died a prisoner, and her grave is the only one marked with a headstone.

Anyone interested in the Civil War, or 19th century American history, or women's history, needs to read this book.